State vs Government employees (DA order)

IN THE WEST BENGAL ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL  

BIKASH BHAVAN, SALT LAKE CITY  

K O L K A T A – 700 091  

Present :-  

 Hon’ble Justice Ranjit Kumar Bag,  

 Judicial Member.  

 -AND-  

 Hon’ble Dr. Subesh Kumar Das,  

 Administrative Member.  

 J U D G M E N T  

  

Case No. : RA 10 of 2019 (O.A. 1154 of 2016)  

  

THE CHIEF SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF WEST BENGAL & ANOTHER  V. CONFEDERATION OF STATE GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES, WEST BENGAL &  OTHERS  

  

For the Review Petitioner :-  

 Mr. K. Dutta,  

 Learned Advocate General.  

 Mr. G.P. Banerjee,  

 Mr. B.P. Roy,  

 Mr. S. Ghosh,  

 Learned Advocates.  

  

For the Respondents No. 1 & 3 :-  

 Sardar Amjad Ali,  

 Learned Senior Advocate.  

 M. Ali Sardar,  

 Learned Advocate.  

For Respondent No. 2 :-  

 Mr. S. Dasgupta,  

 Mr. B. Banerjee,  

 Learned Advocates.  

For Respondent No. 2A :-  

Mr. Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya,  

Learned Senior Advocate.  

Mr. F. Samim,  

Learned Advocate.  

Hearing concluded on : March 03, 2020.  

Judgment delivered on : July 08 , 2020.  

  

 JUDGMENT  

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 The delay of about four months in delivery of judgment is due to  intervention of the lockdown of the entire country to prevent outbreak of Corona  Virus and consequential non-functioning of the Tribunal during the aforesaid  period.  

2. The petitioners have prayed for review of the judgment and order passed  by this Tribunal on July 26, 2019 in OA No. 1154 of 2016 (Confederation of State  Government Employees and Others v. State of West Bengal and Others).  

 3. It is relevant to point out briefly the backdrop of filing the present  memorandum of review by the petitioner No. 1, the Chief Secretary to the  Government of West Bengal and the petitioner No. 2, the Additional Chief  Secretary to the Government of West Bengal, Department of Finance. The  Confederation of State Government Employees represented by its General  Secretary and Others approached this Tribunal by filing OA No. 1154 of 2016  praying for direction upon the State of West Bengal (i) for release of 50%  Dearness Allowance payable till January, 2016, (ii) for compliance with the  directions of the report of 5th Pay Commission set up by the Government of West  Bengal, (iii) for release of arrears of Dearness Allowance before being forfeited  due to setting up of 6th Pay Commission by the Government of West Bengal and  (iv) other ancillary reliefs. On February 16, 2017, the Tribunal dismissed the said  original application by an order dated February 16, 2017. The Confederation of  State Government Employees, West Bengal and Others challenged the order  passed by this Tribunal in OA No. 1154 of 2016 by preferring writ petition being  WPST No. 45 of 2017 before the Hon’ble High Court at Calcutta. On August 31,  2018, Learned Division Bench of the Hon’ble High Court disposed of WPST No. 45  of 2017 by delivery of judgment and order, whereby Learned Division Bench  quashed the previous order passed by the Tribunal in OA No. 1154 of 2016 and  observed that the claim of the employees serving under the Government of West  Bengal for Dearness Allowance is based on legally enforceable right to such extent  of the recommendations of 5th Pay Commission, which has been accepted by the  Government of West Bengal by framing of the West Bengal Services (Revision of  Pay and Allowances) Rules, 2009 read with clarificatory memorandums No. 1691- F and No. 1692-F – dated February 23, 2009 issued by the Finance Department, 

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Audit Branch, Government of West Bengal. However, Learned Division Bench of  the Hon’ble High Court remitted the case back to the Tribunal for fresh decision  on (i) whether the claim of the employees serving under the Government of West  Bengal for Dearness Allowance at a rate equivalent to that of the employees of  the Central Government is justified and (ii) whether the discrimination in the  matter of payment of Dearness Allowance to the employees of the State of West  Bengal with their counterparts serving in Banga Bhawan at New Delhi and Youth  Hostel in Chennai is justified. The Tribunal was called upon to take fresh decision  on the above two issues on merit without being influenced by the observations  made in the judgment of the Hon’ble High Court after exchange of reply and  rejoinder between the parties. The State of West Bengal prayed for review of the  judgment and order passed in WPST No. 45 of 2017 by filing RVW No. 159 of 2018  after superannuation of one of the Hon’ble Judges who delivered the judgment.  However, on March 7, 2019, the said RVW No. 159 of 2018 along with CAN 8729  of 2018 were disposed of by Learned Division Bench of the Hon’ble High Court by  delivery of judgment, whereby the memorandum of review and the interim  application were dismissed, but the period for exchange of reply and rejoinder  before the Tribunal was extended. Ultimately, reply and rejoinder were  exchanged between the parties before the Tribunal. On July 26, 2019, this  Tribunal disposed of OA 1154 of 2016 by delivery of judgment and order in terms  of the direction given by the Hon’ble High Court. Now, the petitioners have filed  memorandum of review seeking for review of the judgment and order dated July  26, 2019 passed by the Tribunal in OA No. 1154 of 2016.  

4. The issue for consideration of the Tribunal is whether memorandum of  review filed by the petitioners should be admitted for final hearing after exchange  of reply and rejoinder between the parties.  

 5. Mr. Kishor Dutta, Learned Advocate General appearing on behalf of the  petitioners, has submitted that non-consideration of a relevant judgment of the  Hon’ble Supreme Court at the time of decision of the Tribunal is a good ground  for review of the judgment and order passed by the Tribunal. He has elaborated  the submission by stating that non-consideration of the relevant judgment of the  superior Court is not only an error apparent on the face of record justifying  exercise of power of review, but the same is also covered under the expression 

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“any other sufficient reason” appearing in Order 47 Rule 1 of the Code of Civil  Procedure. Relying on the judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in “K.G.  Derasari and Another v. Union of India and Others” reported in (2001) 10 SCC 496  and “State of West Bengal and Others v. Kamal Sengupta and Another” reported  in (2008) 8 SCC 612, Mr. Dutta has tried to fortify his argument that review is the  only remedy when the Tribunal did not consider relevant judgment of the  superior Court at the time of taking decision in the case in hand.  

6. Mr. Dutta has contended that he would like to refer to many other  decisions of the Hon’ble Supreme Court for consideration of the Tribunal at the  time of final hearing, if the memorandum of review is admitted. For the time  being, he has referred to paragraphs 4, 8 and 9 of “State of Madhya Pradesh v. C.  Mandawar” reported in AIR 1954 SC 493 in support of his contention that the  grant of Dearness Allowance is not justiceable right and thereby direction cannot  be given by the Tribunal for payment of Dearness Allowance to the employees of  the State Government. According to Mr. Dutta, the decision of the Apex Court in  “C. Mandawar” could not be placed before the Tribunal at the time of hearing of  the original application and thereby the Tribunal did not get the opportunity to  consider this relevant decision of the Apex Court, which is a good ground for  review of the judgment and order passed by the Tribunal. Again, by referring to  paragraphs 5 and 8 of the judgment of “India General Navigation and Railway  Company Limited v. Workmen” reported in AIR 1960 SC 1286, Mr. Dutta has tried  to impress upon us that the payment of Dearness Allowance to the employees  depends upon the discretion of the State and this relevant decision was not  placed before the Tribunal at the time of hearing of the original application, and  thereby the Tribunal was deprived of the opportunity to consider the same.  According to Mr. Dutta, non-consideration of the above two judgments of the  Apex Court is a good ground for review of the judgment and order passed by the  Tribunal.  

7. Sardar Amjad Ali, Learned Senior Counsel, appearing on behalf of the  respondents No. 1 and 3 has contended that the petitioners have failed to place  on record any new and important matter or evidence for which the judgment and  order passed by the Tribunal can be reviewed by invoking the provisions of Order  47 Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure. According to Mr. Ali, the decision of 

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“India General Navigation and Railway Company Limited” (supra) has no  relevance in the present case, as the reported case dealt with an award under the  Industrial Disputes Act, whereas the Tribunal dealt with the claim of the  Government employees of State of West Bengal who asserted their rights in  terms of the Rules framed under proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution of  India. He has further pointed out that the decision of the Apex Court in  “Mandawar case” (supra) was placed by Learned Advocate General before  Learned Division Bench of the Hon’ble High Court at the time of hearing of WPST  45 of 2017 and also at the time of hearing of memorandum of review preferred  by the State of West Bengal seeking for review of judgment and order passed in  WPST 45 of 2017. The gist of submission of Mr. Ali is that Learned Division Bench  of the Hon’ble High Court considered the judgment of “C. Mandawar” (supra),  distinguished the same on facts, quashed the previous order of the Tribunal and  remanded the original application to the Tribunal for fresh decision on specific  issues within specific period of time. Mr. Ali has emphatically pointed out that  the filing of memorandum of review is a ploy on the part of the petitioners to  delay payment of arrears of Dearness Allowance admissible to the employees of  State of West Bengal.  

8. Mr. Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, Learned Senior Counsel representing the  respondents No. 2 and 2A has referred to various grounds enumerated in the  memorandum of review and submitted that those grounds can be taken up for  challenging the judgment and order of the Tribunal by filing writ application  before the Hon’ble High Court, but those grounds do not come within the ambit  of Order 47 Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure for review of the decision of the  Tribunal. Mr. Bhattacharya has also relied on the judgment of the Hon’ble  Supreme Court in “State of West Bengal and Others v. Kamal Sengupta and  Another” (supra) in order to emphasise that the Tribunal can exercise the power  of review only in accordance with the procedure laid down in Order 47 Rule 1 of  the Code of Civil Procedure. He has urged this Bench to consider that “any other  sufficient reason” appearing in Order 47, Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure for  review must be construed in the light of other grounds for review under Order 47,  Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure and as such the grounds put forward by  Learned Advocate General for review do not fall within the ambit of Sec 22(3)(f)  of the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 as interpreted in “Kamal Sengupta case” 

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(supra). He has also emphatically pointed out that filing of the memorandum of  review is a mere ploy to delay payment of balance amount of Dearness Allowance  to the employees of State of West Bengal.  

 9. Before taking up the specific issue as to whether memorandum of review  filed by the petitioners should be admitted for final hearing, we would like to  discuss about the power and jurisdiction of the Tribunal to deal with the review of  its own judgment and order. This Tribunal established under Section 4 of the  Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 has the power to regulate its own procedure,  and shall be guided by the principles of natural justice, but subject to other  provisions of the Act as laid down in Section 22(1) of the said Act. The other  provisions laid down in Section 22(3) of the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985,  have enumerated the matters with regard to which the Tribunal will have to  exercise the powers of a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.  Therefore, the matters which are enumerated in clause (a) to (i) of Sub-Sec (3) of  Sec 22 of the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, can be dealt with by the Tribunal  only by exercising the power vested in the Civil Court under the Code of Civil  Procedure, 1908 while trying a suit. It is relevant to quote Section 22 of the  Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, which is as follows :  

“22. Procedure and powers of Tribunals  

(1) A Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedure laid down in the Code of Civil  Procedure, 1908, (5 of 1908) but shall be guided by the principles of natural justice  and subject to the other provisions of this Act and of any rules made by the Central  Government, the Tribunal shall have power to regulate its own procedure  including the fixing of places and times of its inquiry and deciding whether to sit in  public or in private.  

(2) A Tribunal shall decide every application made to it as expeditiously as  possible and ordinarily every application shall be decided on a perusal of  documents and written representations and after hearing such oral arguments as  may be advanced.  

(3) A Tribunal shall have, for the purpose of discharging its functions under this  Act, the same powers as are vested in a Civil Court under the Code of Civil  Procedure, 1908, (5 of 1908) while trying a suit, in respect of the following  matters, namely:- 

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(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him  on oath;  

(b) requiring the discovery and production of documents;  

(c) receiving evidence on affidavits;  

(d) subject to the provisions of sections 123 and 124 of the Indian Evidence Act,  1872, (1 of 1872) requisitioning any public record or document or copy of such  record or document from any office;  

(e) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;  (f) reviewing its decisions;  

(g) dismissing a representation for default or deciding it ex parte;  

(h) setting aside any order of dismissal of any representation for default or any  order passed by it ex parte; and  

(i) any other matter which may be prescribed by the Central Government.”   10. On perusal of the above provisions of Section 22(3)(f) of the Administrative  Tribunals Act, 1985, it is crystal clear that even though the Tribunal is not bound  by the procedure laid down in the Code of Civil Procedure, it is vested with the  power of the Civil Court in relation to matters enumerated in Clause (a) to (i) of  Sub-Section (3) of Section 22 including power of reviewing its own decision. Ergo,  the Tribunal can exercise power of review of its judgment and order as a Civil  Court by following the procedure laid down in Order 47 Rule 1 of the Code of Civil  Procedure read with Section 114 of the Code of Civil Procedure. While Section  114 of the Code of Civil Procedure has enumerated the decree or decision which  can be reviewed by the Civil Court, the provisions of Order 47 Rule 1 of the Code  of Civil Procedure have enumerated the grounds on which review can be sought  for by the aggrieved party. It is pertinent to quote the provisions of Order 47 Rule  1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which are as follows :  

“1.Application for review of judgment.-(1) Any person considering himself  aggrieved-  

(a) by a decree or order from which an appeal is allowed, but from which no  appeal has been preferred,  

(b) by a decree or order from which no appeal is allowed, or  (c) by a decision on a reference from a Court of Small Causes, 

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 and who, from the discovery of new and important matter or evidence which,  after the exercise of due diligence, was not within his knowledge or could not be  produced by him at the time when the decree was passed or order made, or on  account of some mistake or error apparent on the fact of the record, or for any  other sufficient reason, desires to obtain a review of the decree passed or order  made against him, may apply for a review of judgment of the Court which passed  the decree or made the order.  

(2) A party who is not appealing from a decree or order may apply for a review of  judgment notwithstanding the pendency of an appeal by some other party except  where the ground of such appeal is common to the applicant and the appellant, or  when, being respondent, he can present to the Appellate Court the case on which  he applies for the review.  

 Explanation.- The fact that the decision on a question of law on which the  judgment of the Court is based has been reversed or modified by the subsequent  decision of a superior court in any other case, shall not be a ground for the review  of such judgment.”  

11. On a reading of the grounds enumerated in Order 47 Rule 1 of the Code of  Civil Procedure, we find that the Tribunal can exercise the power of review under  Section 22(3)(f) of the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 only on the above  grounds which are enumerated for review of the judgment and order of the Civil  Court. In other words, the Tribunal can review its judgment/order/decision on  the discovery of new and important matter or evidence, which the petitioners  could not produce at the time of decision in spite of exercise of due diligence, or  the same was not within the knowledge of the petitioners or if the judgment and  order suffers from some mistake or error apparent on the face of record or there  exists some other reasons, which in the opinion of the Tribunal is sufficient for  reviewing the earlier decision. These grounds have been meticulously interpreted  by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in paragraphs No. 21 and 22 of the judgment of  “Kamal Sengupta case” (supra), which are as follows :  

 “21. At this stage it is apposite to observe that where a review is sought on the  ground of discovery of new matter or evidence, such matter or evidence must be  relevant and must be of such a character that if the same had been produced, it  might have altered the judgment. In other words, mere discovery of new or  important matter or evidence is not sufficient ground for review exdebito 

justitiae. Not only this, the party seeking review has also to show that such  additional matter or evidence was not within its knowledge and even after the  exercise of due diligence, the same could not be produced before the court earlier. 

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 22. The term “mistake or error apparent” by its very connotation signifies an  error which is evident per se from the record of the case and does not require  detailed examination, scrutiny and elucidation either of the facts or the legal  position. If an error is not self-evident and detection thereof requires long debate  and process of reasoning, it cannot be treated as an error apparent on the face of  the record for the purpose of Order 47 Rule 1 CPC or Section 22(3)(f) of the Act. To  put it differently an order or decision or judgment cannot be corrected merely  because it is erroneous in law or on the ground that the different view could have  been taken by the court/tribunal on a point of fact or law. In any case, while  exercising the power of review, the court/tribunal concerned cannot sit in appeal  over its judgment/decision.”  

12. On perusal of the above two paragraphs of the judgment of the Apex Court  in “Kamal Sengupta case” (supra), we find that the aggrieved party seeking for  review of judgment and order of the Tribunal will have to establish that the new  and important matter or evidence which is sought to be placed for review must  be relevant and that the same could not be produced even after exercise of due  diligence at the time of initial decision. The effect of new and important material  or evidence must have the capacity to alter the judgment and order which has  already been pronounced. It has also been clarified by the Hon’ble Supreme  Court that if the error or mistake is not self-evident and for detection of that error  or mistake if a long process of reasoning is required, then the same can never be  treated as error apparent on the face of record for the purpose of review of  judgment and order of the Tribunal. The Hon’ble Supreme Court has summarised  the grounds on which the Tribunal can review its judgment and order in  paragraph 35 of the judgment of “Kamal Sengupta case” (supra), which are as  follows :  

“35. The principles which can be culled out from the abovenoted judgments are:  

(i) The power of the Tribunal to review its order/decision under Section 22(3)(f) of  the Act is akin/analogous to the power of a civil court under Section 114 read with  Order 47 Rule 1 CPC.  

(ii) The Tribunal can review its decision on either of the grounds enumerated in  Order 47 Rule 1 and not otherwise.  

(iii) The expression “any other sufficient reason” appearing in Order 47 Rule 1 has  to be interpreted in the light of other specified grounds. 

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(iv) An error which is not self-evident and which can be discovered by a long  process of reasoning, cannot be treated as an error apparent on the face of record  justifying exercise of power under Section 22(3)(f).  

(v) An erroneous order/decision cannot be corrected in the guise of exercise of  power of review.  

(vi) A decision/order cannot be reviewed under Section 22(3)(f) on the basis of  subsequent decision/judgment of a coordinate or larger Bench of the Tribunal or  of a superior court.  

(vii) While considering an application for review, the Tribunal must confine its  adjudication with reference to material which was available at the time of initial  decision. The happening of some subsequent event or development cannot be  taken note of for declaring the initial order/decision as vitiated by an error  apparent.  

(viii) Mere discovery of new or important matter or evidence is not sufficient  ground for review. The party seeking review has also to show that such matter or  evidence was not within its knowledge and even after the exercise of due  diligence, the same could not be produced before the court/Tribunal earlier.”  

 13. Now, we would like to consider whether the grounds enumerated in  memorandum of review filed by the petitioners and the grounds put forward by  Learned Advocate General in course of his argument fall within the ambit of the  principles laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in paragraph 35 of the  judgment of “Kamal Sengupta case” (supra) for review of judgment and order  passed by this Tribunal. Relying on the judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in  “K G Derasari case” (supra), Learned Advocate General has argued that review is  the only remedy when the Tribunal did not consider relevant judgment of the  superior Court at the time of taking initial decision. In “K G Derasari case” (supra),  the Hon’ble Supreme Court had to decide whether the Tribunal can issue fresh  directions in contempt proceeding relying on judgment of the superior Court  which could not be placed before the Tribunal at the time of taking initial  decision. The Hon’ble Supreme Court has held that the Tribunal cannot issue  fresh directions on the basis of judgment of the superior Court in a contempt  proceeding, even when that judgment was not placed before it at the time of  taking initial decision. The only remedy available to the aggrieved party is to seek  for review of the earlier decision of the Tribunal on the basis of the judgment of  the superior Court, if the said judgment could not be placed before it in spite of  due diligence at the time of taking initial decision by the Tribunal. This decision of 

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the Hon’ble Supreme Court has not laid down the principles for review of the  judgment and order of the Tribunal.  

14. The specific submission of Learned Advocate General is that two important  decisions of the Hon’ble Supreme Court viz. judgment of “India General  Navigation and Railway Company Limited” (supra) and “State of Madhya Pradesh  v. C. Mandawar” (supra) could not be placed before the Tribunal at the time of  taking decision and thereby non-consideration of these two important judgments  are good grounds for review of judgment and order passed by the Tribunal.  

15. Let us consider the above two judgments of the Hon’ble Supreme Court  as new and important material which could not be placed before us by Learned  Counsel representing the respondents of the original application (i.e. the  petitioners of the present memorandum of review) in spite of due diligence. Non 

consideration of the above two judgments may be good ground for review of the  decision of the Tribunal, (i) if the judgments are found to be relevant, (ii) if the  decision of the Tribunal would have been altered by consideration of these two  judgments and (iii) if the judgments were not within the knowledge of the  petitioners and thereby could not be placed before the Tribunal even after  exercise of due diligence. So, the issue for our determination is whether the  petitioners have been able to fulfil the above criteria for review of earlier decision  of the Tribunal.  

16. In “India General Navigation and Railway Company Limited” (supra), the  dispute between the Steamer Company and its Workmen was referred to the  Industrial Tribunal, as they were governed under the Industrial Disputes Act,  1947. The Flat and Steamer Clerks claimed the rate of Dearness Allowance  payable to the staff of the Steamer Company working in the headquarters at  Calcutta. The Industrial Tribunal awarded the rate of Dearness Allowance in  favour of the said Clerks of the Steamer Company, which was payable to the staff  of the Company working in the headquarters at Calcutta. By way of Special Leave  to Appeal, the award of the Industrial Tribunal was challenged before the Hon’ble  Supreme Court. The Hon’ble Supreme Court modified the award passed by the  Industrial Tribunal to the extent that the rate of Dearness Allowance payable to  the staff of the Steamer Company working in the headquarters at Calcutta will be  payable to those flat and steamer Clerks of the Steamer Company, whose 

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members of family have been residing within the area of greater Calcutta. The  issue decided by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in this case is whether any  discrimination was made in payment of Dearness Allowance between the staff of  the headquarters and the flat and steamer Clerks of the Steamer Company, in  spite of residing in the same locality. The concept of payment of Dearness  Allowance for the Workmen under the Industrial Disputes Act is totally different  from the concept of payment of Dearness Allowance to the employees of the  Government, whose conditions of service are governed by the Rules framed  under Article 309 of the Constitution of India. The facts of the reported case of  “India General Navigation and Railway Company Limited” (supra) are clearly  distinguishable from the facts of the present case and thereby the ratio of the  said reported case has no manner of application in the facts of the present case.  In other words, the reported case of “India General Navigation and Railway  Company Limited” (supra) can never be construed as new and important material  for review of the decision of the Tribunal, as the decision of the Tribunal would  not have been altered, had it been placed before us at the time of taking initial  decision.  

 17. In “State of Madhya Pradesh v. C. Mandawar” (supra), the Central Pay  Commission recommended for grant of Dearness Allowance on a specified scale  to the employees of the Central Government on May 3, 1947. Similarly, the Pay  Committee set up by the Government of Central Provinces and Berar (now  Madhya Pradesh) for fixation of scale of pay and Dearness Allowance of its  employees submitted the report on June 22, 1948. The Pay Committee  recommended for adoption of identical pay structure and Dearness Allowance in  respect of the employees drawing salary above Rs.400/- per month, as that of the  Central Pay Commission, while less amount of Dearness Allowance was granted in  favour of the employees drawing salary of Rs.400/- and less per month. The issue  which came up for consideration before the Hon’ble Supreme Court is whether  the resolution of the State Government fixing a scale of Dearness Allowance to be  paid to its employees at different rate depending on salary is repugnant to Article  14 of the Constitution of India. The Hon’ble Supreme Court held that the scale of  Dearness Allowance recommended by the Central Pay Commission and  sanctioned by the Central Government for its employees can furnish no ground  for holding that different rate of Dearness Allowance cannot be recommended by 

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the State Pay Committee and granted by the State Government for different  classes of employees depending on the amount of salary drawn by each class of  employees per month and as such the said fixation of rate of Dearness Allowance  for the State Government employees cannot be repugnant to Article 14 of the  Constitution of India. The Hon’ble Supreme Court had taken the above view on  consideration of the provisions of Rule 44 of the Fundamental Rules, whereby  discretion was given to the State (local) Government to grant the amount of  Dearness Allowance to its employees. Since it was the discretion of the State  Government to grant the scale/rate of Dearness Allowance to its employees in  terms of the provisions of Rule 44 of the Fundamental Rules, the resolution of the  State Government for payment of Dearness Allowance to its employees at  different rates depending on salary drawn by each class of employee per month  was not hit by Article 14 of the Constitution of India.  

18. In the present case, the right of the employees working under  Government of West Bengal to get Dearness Allowance on the revised pay scale  in terms of the provisions of West Bengal Services (Revision of Pay and  Allowances) Rules, 2009 read with the provisions of clarificatory memorandum  No. 1691-F and No. 1692-F dated February 23, 2009 issued by the Finance  Department, Audit Branch, Government of West Bengal was already decided by  the Learned Division Bench of the Hon’ble High Court in WPST No. 45 of 2017 and  the said decision of the Learned Division Bench of the Hon’ble High Court has not  been challenged by the State of West Bengal before the Hon’ble Supreme Court.  While in the reported case of “C. Mandawar” (supra), the Hon’ble Supreme Court  decided the issue of discrimination in payment of Dearness Allowance to a class of  State Government employees in terms of the provisions of Rule 44 of the  Fundamental Rules, in the present case the employees of the Government of  West Bengal have claimed their right under the provisions of West Bengal  Services (Revision of Pay and Allowances) Rules, 2009 and two clarificatory  memorandums issued thereunder by the Finance Department, Audit Branch,  Government of West Bengal. Accordingly, the facts of the present case are clearly  distinguishable from the facts of “C. Mandawar” (supra). The logical inference is  that the reported judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in “C. Mandawar”  (supra) cannot be construed as relevant material for review of the judgment and  order of the Tribunal. Had this reported judgment of “C. Mandawar” (supra) been 

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placed before us at the time of taking initial decision, the same would not have  altered the judgment and order passed by us in the original application.  

 19. We cannot be oblivious of the fact that the judgment of “C. Mandawar”  (supra) was placed by Learned Advocate General before Learned Division Bench  of the Hon’ble High Court at the time of hearing of WPST No. 45 of 2017 and in  paragraph 63 of the judgment Learned Division Bench distinguished the facts of  the present case with that of “C. Mandawar” (supra) and held that that said  reported decision did not help the State of West Bengal in deciding the issues  involved in the writ petition. Again, Learned Advocate General referred to the  said decision of “C. Mandawar” (supra) before Learned Division Bench which took  up the memorandum of review (RVW No. 159 of 2018) for hearing. Learned  Division Bench has reiterated in paragraph 10 of the judgment of RVW No. 159 of  2018 that the said reported judgment was considered and distinguished by  previous Learned Division Bench of the Hon’ble High Court in WPST No. 45 of  2017. Thus, it passes our comprehension to believe that Learned Counsel  representing the State respondents in the original application (i.e. the petitioners  of the present memorandum of review) were not aware of the judgment of “C.  Mandawar” (supra) and as such the said judgment could not be placed before us  at the time of taking initial decision. Since the judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme  Court in “C. Mandawar” (supra) cannot be construed as new and important  material for review of earlier decision and since the petitioners were well aware  of the said judgment at the time of hearing of the original application, we cannot  persuade ourselves to hold that non-consideration of the said judgment of “C.  Mandawar” (supra) is a ground for review of the earlier judgment and order of  the Tribunal as contended by Learned Advocate General.  

20. Lastly, we would like to decide whether the grounds taken up in the  memorandum of review can justify review of our judgment and order passed in  the original application. Out of twenty grounds enumerated in memorandum of  review, the same point has been repeated in more than one ground. However,  the main grounds enumerated in the memorandum of review may be  summarised as follows : (i) that the Tribunal erred in deciding that the State  Government paid Dearness Allowance in an arbitrary manner after 2010, (ii) that  the Tribunal erred in directing the State Government for payment of Dearness 

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Allowance in accordance with AICPI, (iii) that the Tribunal acted as legislature in  calculating Dearness Allowance and giving direction to the State Government for  payment by framing scheme, (iv) that the Tribunal granted relief to the  employees of the State Government indirectly which could not be given directly in  terms of the provisions of law, (v) that the direction of the Tribunal for evolving  the principles/norms for payment of Dearness Allowance is illegal and unjustified,  (vi) that the Tribunal did not consider the financial capacity of the State  Government in giving direction for payment of Dearness Allowance, (vii) that the  Tribunal has decided the issue of discrimination between the State Government  employees working within the State of West Bengal and State Government  employees working in New Delhi and Chennai without availability of any material  on record and (viii) that the Tribunal has delivered judgment by giving direction to  the State Government which is beyond the scope of the original application.  

21. On consideration of the above grounds put forward by the petitioners for  review of the decision of the Tribunal, we find that all the above grounds can be  taken up by the petitioners for challenging the judgment and order before the  superior Court, but the same can never be agitated before us for review of the  earlier decision. Those grounds by no stretch of imagination fall within the ambit  of Order 47 Rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure read with Section 22(3)(f) of the  Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 for review of the earlier decision of the  Tribunal. Accordingly, we are constrained to hold that the petitioners have  miserably failed to establish any ground for review of the judgment and order  passed by the Tribunal in the original application.  

 22. As a result, the memorandum of review is not admitted for hearing, and as  such the same is dismissed.  

 23. The urgent Xerox certified copy of the judgment and order, if applied for by  either of the parties, may be supplied on priority basis on fulfilment of all  necessary formalities.  

  

 S. K. DAS R. K. BAG

MEMBER(A) MEMBER(J)   

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āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀ (āĻĄāĻŋāĻ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ)

12 āύāϭ⧇āĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ, 2021

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āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻž āύāĻ‚: 2019 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ RA 10 (2016 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ OA 1154)  

  

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2  

  

 āĻ•āϰ⧋āύāĻž āĻ­āĻžāχāϰāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϰ⧋āϧ⧇ āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϞāĻ•āĻĄāĻžāωāύ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϚāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤Â Â 

  1. āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž 2016 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ OA āύāĻ‚ 1154 (āĻ•āύāĻĢ⧇āĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇āĻļāύ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āϟ āĻ—āĻ­āĻ°ā§āύāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻāĻŽāĻĒā§āϞāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϜ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āφāĻĻāĻžāϰāϏ āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ) 26 āϜ⧁āϞāĻžāχ, 2019-āĻ āĻāχ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤Â Â 
  2. āĻĒāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāύ āύāĻ‚ 1, āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§āϝ āϏāϚāĻŋāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāύ āύāĻ‚ 2, āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§āϝ āϏāϚāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ•āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϟāĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ—āĨ¤ āĻ•āύāĻĢ⧇āĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇āĻļāύ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āϟ āĻ—āĻ­āĻ°ā§āύāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻāĻŽāĻĒā§āϞāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϜ āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻāχ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ 2016 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ OA āύāĻ‚ 1154 āĻĢāĻžāχāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ (i) āϜāĻžāύ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧀, 2016 āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ 50% āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ ii) āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ 5āĻŽ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻžāĻŦāϞ⧀ āĻŽā§‡āύ⧇ āϚāϞāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ, (iii) āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• 6 āϤāĻŽ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻœā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϕ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ (iv) āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāύ⧁āώāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāĻŖāĨ¤ 16 āĻĢ⧇āĻŦā§āϰ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧀, 2017-āĻ, āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ 16 āĻĢ⧇āĻŦā§āϰ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧀, 2017 āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϖ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāϟāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻŋāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ•āύāĻĢ⧇āĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇āĻļāύ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āϟ āĻ—āĻ­āĻ°ā§āύāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻāĻŽāĻĒā§āϞāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϜ, āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝāϰāĻž 2016 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ OA āύāĻ‚ 1154-āĻ āĻāχ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļāϕ⧇ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϰāĻŋāϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāύ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ 2017 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ WPST āύāĻ‚ 45 āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāχāϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ•āϞāĻ•āĻžāϤāĻžāĨ¤ 31āĻļ⧇ āφāĻ—āĻ¸ā§āϟ, 2018-āĻ, āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāχāϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āύāĻĄ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āϚ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ 2017 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ WPST āύāĻ‚ 45 āĻāϰ āύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ 2016 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ OA āύāĻ‚ 1154-āĻ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϰāϤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ 5 āϤāĻŽ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻļāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāχ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇ āφāχāύāĻ—āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώ⧇āĻŦāĻž (āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ) āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻž, 2009 āĻāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸā§€āĻ•āϰāĻŖāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ•āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ āϏāĻš āĻĒāĻ āĻŋāϤāĨ¤ 1691- F āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻ‚ 1692-F – āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ– 23 āĻĢ⧇āĻŦā§āϰ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāĻŋ, 2009 āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϜāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, 

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āĻ…āĻĄāĻŋāϟ āĻļāĻžāĻ–āĻž, āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤ āϝāĻžāχāĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāχāϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āϚ āύāϤ⧁āύ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϰāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ (i) āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϰāϤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϤ⧁āĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻšāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ (ii) āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ āĻ•āĻŋ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āύāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ­āĻŦāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšā§‡āĻ¨ā§āύāĻžāχāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āχāϝāĻŧ⧁āĻĨ āĻšā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āϞ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝāĨ¤ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞāϕ⧇ āωāĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āϜāĻŦāĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāχāϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āωāĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāĻšā§āĻŦāĻžāύ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ 2017 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ WPST āύāĻ‚ 45-āĻ āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϗ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ 2018 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ RVW āύāĻ‚ 159 āĻĢāĻžāχāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻžāχāĻšā§‹āĻ•, 7 āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϚ, 2019-āĻ, 2018 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ CAN 8729-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āωāĻ•ā§āϤ RVW āύāĻ‚ 159 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 2018 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ CAN 8729 āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāχāϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āϚ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ āĻŦāϰāĻ–āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ, āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āωāĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϜāĻŦāĻžāĻŦ āĻ“ āϜāĻŦāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ 26 āϜ⧁āϞāĻžāχ, 2019-āĻ, āĻāχ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāχāϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ 2016 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ OA 1154 āύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āύ, āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž 2016 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ OA āύāĻ‚ 1154-āĻ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• 26 āϜ⧁āϞāĻžāχ, 2019 āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϖ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āĻŽā§‡āĻŽā§‹āϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻŽ āĻĻāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤Â Â 

  1. āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϞ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āĻŽā§‡āĻŽā§‹āϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻŽāϟāĻŋ āωāĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻļ⧁āύāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ­āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤Â Â 
  2. āĻŽāĻŋāσ āĻ•āĻŋāĻļā§‹āϰ āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ, āĻĒāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāĻ­ā§‹āϕ⧇āϟ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ, āĻĻāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāχ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϞāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āωāĻšā§āϚ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ…-āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϝāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āφāĻ“āϤāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ“ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤Â 

4  

āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāωāϰ āϕ⧋āĻĄā§‡āϰ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ 47 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1-āĻ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ “āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ”āĨ¤ (2001) 10 SCC 496 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “State of West Bengal and Others āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻŽāϞ āϏ⧇āύāϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ” āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡ “KG Derasari and Other v. Union of India and Others”-āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ (2008) 8 SCC 612, āĻŽāĻŋāσ āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϤāĻžāϰ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāχ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āωāĻšā§āϚ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤Â Â 

  1. āĻŽāĻŋāσ āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻļ⧁āύāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāύāĨ¤ āφāĻĒāĻžāϤāϤ, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāφāχāφāϰ 1954 āĻāϏāϏāĻŋ 493-āĻ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž “āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āϏāĻŋ. āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°â€-āĻāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ 4, 8 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 9 āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϤ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻŋāσ āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, “āϏāĻŋ āϤ⧇ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āύāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ” āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ, āϝāĻž āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻžāĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, AIR 1960 SC 1286-āĻ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž “India General Navigation and Railway Company Limited v. Workmen”-āĻāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ 5 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 8 āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻŽāĻŋāσ āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻāϟāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āύāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻŋāσ āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤Â Â 
  2. āϏāϰāĻĻāĻžāϰ āφāĻŽāϜāĻžāĻĻ āφāϞ⧀, āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāϰ āĻ•ā§ŒāρāϏ⧁āϞāĻŋ, āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻž āύāĻ‚ 1 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 3 āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ āϕ⧋āύāĻ“ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ 47 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻŦ⧇⧎ āφāϞ⧀ āϏāĻžāĻšā§‡āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇, āĻāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤Â 

5  

“āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāϗ⧇āĻļāύ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āϰ⧇āϞāĻ“āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻŸā§‡āĻĄ” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āύ⧇āχ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ 309 āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖā§€āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāϰāĻ“ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ “āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻž” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϟāĻŋ 2017 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ WPST 45-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧁āύāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋāϤ⧇āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāχāϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āĻšā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻļ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāĻ­ā§‹āϕ⧇āϟ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ WPST 45-āĻ āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāϕ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āύāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ 2017. āϜāύāĻžāĻŦ āφāϞ⧀āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāϰāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻšāϞ āϝ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāχāϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āϚ “āϏāĻŋ”-āĻāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°â€ (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž), āϤāĻĨā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāϟāĻŋ āϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϜāύāĻžāĻŦ āφāϞāĻŋ āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ•āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϕ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§‹āϧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϚāĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤Â Â 

  1. āϜāύāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āϰāĻžā§āϜāύ āĻ­āĻŸā§āϟāĻžāϚāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ, āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻž āύāĻ‚ 2 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 2A-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āϏāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāϰ āĻ•āĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āϏ⧇āϞ, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ•āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāĻŽāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻāχ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĢāĻžāχāϞ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļāϕ⧇ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāχāϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡ āϰāĻŋāϟ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ 47 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1 āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āφāϏ⧇ āύāĻž āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āϜāύāĻžāĻŦ āĻ­āĻŸā§āϟāĻžāϚāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ “āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻŽāϞ āϏ⧇āύāϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰāĻ“ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāωāϰ āϕ⧋āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ 47 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1-āĻ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāχ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āϚāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧋āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ 47, āϕ⧋āĻĄ āĻ…āĻĢ āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāωāϰ āĻāϰ 1 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ “āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ” āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ 47, āϕ⧋āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1 āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āφāϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāωāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āχ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāĻ­ā§‹āϕ⧇āϟ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϝ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϏ⧇āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϏ⧇āϕ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻž āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϟāĻŋāĻ­ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϟ, 1985 āĻāϰ 22(3)(f) āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ “āĻ•āĻŽāϞ āϏ⧇āύāϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āϕ⧇āϏ” āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›ā§‡Â 

6  

(āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž)āĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ• āϜāĻŽāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϚāĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĨ¤Â Â 

  1. āĻĒāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āĻŽā§‡āĻŽā§‹āϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻŽ āĻšā§‚āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻļ⧁āύāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ­āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āϏ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ–āϤāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāχāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āφāχāύ, 1985 āĻāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 4 āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻāχ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 22(1) āĻ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĨ¤ āωāĻ•ā§āϤ āφāχāύ⧇āϰāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āφāχāύ, 1985-āĻāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 22(3) āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϏ⧇āχ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ, 1908 āĻāϰ āϕ⧋āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇⧎ āϤāĻžāχ, āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϏ⧇āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āωāĻĒ-āϧāĻžāϰāĻž (3) āĻāϰ āĻĻāĻĢāĻž (a) āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ (i) āϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϟāĻŋāĻ­ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϟ, 1985-āĻāϰ 22, āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ, 1908-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āφāχāύ, 1985 āĻāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 22 āωāĻĻā§āϧ⧃āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ•, āϝāĻž āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϰ⧂āĻĒ:  

“22. āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāĻŖāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ“ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžÂ Â 

(1) āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ, 1908, (1908-āĻāϰ 5) āĻ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āφāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāχ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖā§€āϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽ, āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϤāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāύāϏāĻŽāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻž āϤāĻž āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§‡Â Â 

(2) āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āϝāϤ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ āύāĻĨāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āϰāϏāϰ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ–āĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻļā§‹āύāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§‡ā§ˇÂ Â 

(3) āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻāχ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāϞ⧀ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇, āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ, 1908, (1908 āĻāϰ 5) āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϏ⧇āχ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇⧎ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇, āϝāĻĨāĻž:- 

7  

(āĻ•) āϕ⧋āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āϤāϞāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻŦā§Ž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻĒāĻĨ ​​āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž;  

(āĻ–) āύāĻĨāĻŋ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ;  

(āĻ—) āĻšāϞāĻĢāύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤāĻŋ;  

(d) āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āφāχāύ, 1872, (1872-āĻāϰ 1) āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 123 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 124-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āϏāĻžāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύāĻ“ āĻ…āĻĢāĻŋāϏ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϕ⧋āύāĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻĨāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻĨāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž;  

(āĻ™) āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āώ⧀ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻĨāĻŋ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ āϜāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž; (āϚ) āĻāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž;  

(āĻ›) āĻĄāĻŋāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻŋāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž;  

(āϜ) āĻĄāĻŋāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāϰāĻ–āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ—āĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž; āĻāĻŦāĻ‚Â Â 

(i) āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻž āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤” 10. āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āφāχāύ, 1985-āĻāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 22(3)(f) āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇, āĻāϟāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āϝ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āφāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āύāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž (a) āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ (i) āϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āϏāĻš āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 22-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒ-āϧāĻžāϰāĻž (3)āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ, āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 114-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āϕ⧋āĻĄ āĻ…āĻĢ āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāωāϰ⧇āϰ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ 47 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1-āĻ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāωāϰ āϕ⧋āĻĄā§‡āϰ 114 āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ 47 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āϚāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻŦā§āϧ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώāĨ¤ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ 47 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1 āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āωāĻĻā§āϧ⧃āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ•, āϝāĻž āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϰ⧂āĻĒ:  

“1. āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĨ¤-(1) āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϕ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻŦā§āϧ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ-  

(āĻ•) āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āφāĻĒāĻŋāϞ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽā§‹āĻĻāĻŋāϤ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āφāĻĒā§€āϞ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ,  

(āĻ–) āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āφāĻĒāĻŋāϞ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽā§‹āĻĻāĻŋāϤ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāĻž (āĻ—) āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϰ⧇āĻĢāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž, 

8  

 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ, āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϝāĻž, āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāĻž āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ, āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž, āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤Â Â 

(2) āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āφāĻĒāĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϰ āφāĻĒāĻŋāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āϞāϤ⧁āĻŦāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāϤ⧀āϤ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āφāĻĒāĻŋāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĒā§€āϞāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ, āĻŦāĻž āϝāĻ–āύ, āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻž āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāĻĒā§€āϞ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϤāĻž āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĨ¤Â Â 

 āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤- āϝ⧇ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āωāĻšā§āϚ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āωāĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āĻāχ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤”  

  1. āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāωāϰ āϕ⧋āĻĄā§‡āϰ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ 47 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1-āĻ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāχ āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āφāχāύ, 1985 āĻāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 22(3)(f) āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āωāĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇⧎ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ/āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ/āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻž āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĻāϰāĻ–āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ­ā§‹āϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧇ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĨ¤ “āĻ•āĻŽāϞ āϏ⧇āύāϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻž” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ 21 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ 22 āύāĻ‚ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻāχ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϏ⧂āĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āϝāĻž āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϰ⧂āĻĒ:  

 “21. āĻāχ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āϝ⧇ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āϚāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāϟāĻŋ āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ. āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻŦāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰāχ āĻāĻ•ā§āϏāĻĄā§‡āĻŦāĻŋāĻŸā§‹ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āύāϝāĻŧ 

āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āϤāĻžāχ āύāϝāĻŧ, āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āϚāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώāϕ⧇ āĻāϟāĻžāĻ“ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āĻ“ āĻāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤Â 

9  

  1. “āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϰ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāσāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āφāχāύāĻ—āϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āϝāĻžāϚāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ›āĻžāχ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāσāϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧ āύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāύāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻ•āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ 47 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1 CPC āĻŦāĻž āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 22(3)(f) āĻāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž ) āφāχāύ⧇āϰāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āϝ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āφāχāύ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϝ⧇ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ/āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ/āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āϤāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ/āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āφāĻĒāĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤â€Â Â 
  2. “āĻ•āĻŽāϞ āϏ⧇āύāϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻž” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāχ āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻŦā§āϧ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āϝāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϚāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āĻ“ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰāĨ¤ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϝāĻž āχāϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰ⧀āĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāϟāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϭ⧁āϞāϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāσāϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧ āύāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϭ⧁āϞ āϏāύāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻ•āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύāχ āφāĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āϟ “āĻ•āĻŽāϞ āϏ⧇āύāϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻž” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ 35 āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āϤāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤāϏāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇, āϝāĻž āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϰ⧂āĻĒ:  
  3. āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϝ⧇ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ:  

(i) āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 22(3)(f) āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ/āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ 47 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1 CPC āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž 114 āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒ/āϏāĻžāĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤Â Â 

(ii) āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ 47 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1 āĻ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϕ⧋āύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤Â Â 

(iii) āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ 47 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1-āĻ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ “āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ” āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āφāϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤Â 

10  

(iv) āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϝāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāσāϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧ āύāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝāĻž āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 22(3)(f) āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϰ⧇āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤Â Â 

(v) āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āφāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϭ⧁āϞ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ/āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤Â Â 

(vi) āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻž āωāĻšā§āϚāϤāϰ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ/āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 22(3)(f) āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ/āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤Â Â 

(vii) āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϰ⧇āĻĢāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϕ⧇ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ/āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϕ⧇ āφāĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āύ⧋āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤Â Â 

(viii) āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻŦāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āϚāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώāϕ⧇ āĻāϟāĻžāĻ“ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āĻ“ āĻāϟāĻŋ āφāϗ⧇ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ/āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤Â Â 

  1. āĻāĻ–āύ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāχ āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ•āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāϤ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāĻ­ā§‹āϕ⧇āϟ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āϝ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϤāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ “āĻ•āĻŽāϞ āϏ⧇āύāϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻž” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ 35 āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ⧇āĨ¤ “āϕ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻž” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāĻ­ā§‹āϕ⧇āϟ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāχ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāϪ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āωāĻšā§āϚāϤāϰ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ “āϕ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻž” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž), āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āϟāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āωāĻšā§āϚāϤāϰ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŽāĻžāύāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ āύāϤ⧁āύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāύāĻž āϜāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāϪ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŽāĻžāύāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āωāĻšā§āϚ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāύāĻž āϜāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•āĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϏ⧇āχ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻŦā§āϧ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšāϞ āωāĻšā§āϚāϤāϰ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϚāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž, āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āωāĻ•ā§āϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻāχ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤Â 

11  

āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰ⧀āĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤Â Â 

  1. āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāĻ­ā§‹āϕ⧇āϟ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĻāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϞ āĻšāϞ āϝ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύāĨ¤ “āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāϗ⧇āĻļāύ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āϰ⧇āϞāĻ“āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻŸā§‡āĻĄ” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āϏāĻŋ. āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻāχ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ­āĻžāϞ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤Â Â 
  2. āφāϏ⧁āύ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϕ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋ āϝāĻž āĻŽā§‚āϞ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ (āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāϕ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀) āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻ•ā§ŒāρāϏ⧁āϞāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻ…Â 

āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āωāĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, (i) āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, (ii) āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāχ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ (iii) āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āĻ“ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āύāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϏ⧁āϤāϰāĻžāĻ‚, āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϞ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āωāĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻĒā§‚āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤Â Â 

  1. “āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āύ⧇āĻ­āĻŋāϗ⧇āĻļāύ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āϰ⧇āϞāĻ“āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻŸā§‡āĻĄ” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž), āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻļā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇ āϰ⧇āĻĢāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āφāχāύ, 1947 āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϏāĻĻāϰ āĻĻāĻĒā§āϤāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϰāϤ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϞāĻ•āĻžāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύ⧀āϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āϕ⧂āϞ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āϕ⧋āϞāĻ•āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻĻāϰ āĻĻāĻĒā§āϤāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϰāϤ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύ⧀āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āφāĻĒāĻŋāϞ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āϛ⧁āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡, āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϕ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āϟ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻāχ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āϞāĻ•āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻĻāϰ āĻĻāĻĢāϤāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϰāϤ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ , āϝāĻžāĻ°Â 

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āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝāϰāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϞāĻ•āĻžāϤāĻž āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰ⧀āĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āϟ āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻšā§‡āĻĄāϕ⧋āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āϏ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĢ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϟ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻļā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϟāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ, āϝāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ 309 āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖā§€āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāĨ¤ “āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāϗ⧇āĻļāύ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āϰ⧇āϞāĻ“āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻŸā§‡āĻĄ” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻāϰ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āύ⧇āχāĨ¤ . āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ, “āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāϗ⧇āĻļāύ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āϰ⧇āϞāĻ“āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻŸā§‡āĻĄ” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻāϰ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύāχ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāύ⧋ āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϤ⧋ āύāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāϟāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤Â Â 

  1. “āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āϏāĻŋ. āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž), āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ 3 āĻŽā§‡, 1947-āĻ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇, āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦ⧇āϰāĻžāϰ (āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āĻļ) āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ 22 āϜ⧁āύ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟ āϜāĻŽāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, 1948. āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϏ⧇ 400/- āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻŽāĻžā§āϜ⧁āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϏ⧇ 400/- āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāϏ⧇āϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ 14 āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĨā§€ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤ . āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžā§āϜ⧁āϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž āĻāĻŽāύ āϕ⧋āύ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤Â 

13  

āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖā§€āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϟāĻžāύāĻž āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖā§€āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ 14. āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 44-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āωāĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ (āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ) āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽā§‡āϰ 44 āύāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞ/āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāϤāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖā§€āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϰāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ 14 āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤Â Â 

  1. āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇, āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϰāϤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ“āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻŦ⧇āĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāϏ⧇āϏ (āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž) āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻž, 2009-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāϞ⧀ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāĻŋāϤ āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸā§€āĻ•āϰāĻŖāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ• āύāĻ‚ 1691-F āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻ‚ 1692-F āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ– 23 āĻĢ⧇āĻŦā§āϰ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāĻŋ, 2009 āĻāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϜāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ—, āĻ…āĻĄāĻŋāϟ āĻļāĻžāĻ–āĻž, āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āχ 2017 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ WPST āύāĻ‚ 45-āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāχāϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āϚ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāχāϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āĻšā§‡āϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϟāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϝāĻ–āύ “āϏāĻŋ. āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°â€ (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž), āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 44-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻ• āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖā§€āϰ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ“āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻŦ⧇āĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāϏ⧇āϏ (āĻŦ⧇āϤāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§‹āϧāύ) āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻž, 2009 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻŸā§€āĻ•āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ—, āĻ…āĻĄāĻŋāϟ āĻļāĻžāĻ–āĻž, āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āϜāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ•āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻĻāύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻžāĻŽāϞāĻžāϰ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ “C” āĻāϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž)āĨ¤ āϝ⧌āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšāϞ āϝ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟ “āϏāĻŋ. āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°â€ (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ “āϏāĻŋ. āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°â€ (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›ā§‡Â 

14  

āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļāϕ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤Â Â 

  1. āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāχ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāĻĢ⧇āϞ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āύāĻž āϝ⧇ “C āĻāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°â€ (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) 2017 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ WPST āύāĻ‚ 45-āĻāϰ āĻļ⧁āύāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāχāϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āĻšā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāĻ­ā§‹āϕ⧇āϟ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ 63 āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ⧇ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āϚ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ “C. āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°â€ (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝāϕ⧇ āϰāĻŋāϟ āĻĒāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϜāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋāĨ¤ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāĻ­ā§‹āϕ⧇āϟ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ “āϏāĻŋ”-āĻāϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°â€ (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āĻšā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻļ⧁āύāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āĻŽā§‡āĻŽā§‹āϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻŽ (2018 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ RVW āύāĻ‚ 159) āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āύāĻĄ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āϚ 2018 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ RVW āύāĻ‚ 159-āĻāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ 10 āĻ…āύ⧁āĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ 2017-āĻāϰ WPST āύāĻ‚ 45-āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāχāϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āύāĻĄ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻļāύ āĻŦ⧇āĻžā§āϚ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇, āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āϏ⧇āϞ (āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŽā§‡āĻŽā§‹āϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻŽ āĻ…āĻĢ āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāωāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž) “āϏāĻŋ” āĻāϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ—āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°â€ (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āωāĻ•ā§āϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ “C”āϤ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϕ⧋āĻ°ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ” (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āϕ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝ⧇āĻšā§‡āϤ⧁ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āĻŽā§‚āϞ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āύāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āωāĻ•ā§āϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ—āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āϤāĻžāχ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ…-āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϰ⧋āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āύāĻžāĨ¤ “āϏāĻŋ. āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°â€ (āϏ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻž) āĻšāϞ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϞ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāĻ­ā§‹āϕ⧇āϟ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤Â Â 
  2. āϏāĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ⧇, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāχ āϝ⧇ āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āĻŽā§‡āĻŽā§‹āϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āϤ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻž āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ•āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇, āĻāĻ•āχ āĻĒāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻžāχāĻšā§‹āĻ•, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ•āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϰ⧂āĻĒ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇: (i) āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ 2010 āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇, (ii) āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§‹āϧ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāĻ°Â 

15  

āĻāφāχāϏāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāφāχ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž, (iii) āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻ—āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āφāχāύāϏāĻ­āĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻŽ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, (iv) āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻž, (v) āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ/āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāύāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦ⧇āφāχāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āϝ⧌āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•, (vi) āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϘ āĻ­āĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĻŋ, (vii) āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϰāϤ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧀ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšā§‡āĻ¨ā§āύāĻžāχāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϰāϤ āύāĻĨāĻŋāϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āϕ⧋āύ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāχ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ (viii) āϝ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāύāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻŽā§‚āϞ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇āĨ¤Â Â 

  1. āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ āωāĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāχ āϝ⧇ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āωāĻšā§āϚāϤāϰ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļāϕ⧇ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύāχ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇āϜāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āφāϗ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āφāχāύ, 1985-āĻāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž 22(3)(f) āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ 47 āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋ 1-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύāĻ“ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāϏ⧂āϤ āύāϝāĻŧ⧎ āϤāĻĻāύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇, āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻšāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋ āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āĻŽā§‚āϞ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϝ⧁āύāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύāĻ“ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤Â Â 
  2. āĻĢāϞāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ, āϰāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāω āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻ•āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āύāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ­āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦāϰāĻ–āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ.  
  3. āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāϰ⧁āϰ⧀ āĻœā§‡āϰāĻ•ā§āϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āύ⧁āϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ, āωāĻ­āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āφāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇, āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āφāύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻĒā§‚āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤Â Â 

  

 āĻāϏ āϕ⧇ āφāϰ āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ—

āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝ (āĻ•) āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝ (āĻœā§‡)    

ŠKamaleshforeducation.in (2023)

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